Effect of Propolis on the Adhesion Index, Morphology and Viability of Candida albicans Cells on Biofilm Formation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v7i1.322Keywords:
Propolis, adhesion index, morphology, cell viability, Candida albicansAbstract
Approximately 70-75% of reproductive women have experienced vulvovaginal candidiasis at least once, and 40-45% will have recurrences. Candida albicans is the most etiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis and is able to form a biofilm that can lead to antifungal resistances and recurrences. One of the natural products that have an anti biofilm effect is propolis. This study expected that propolis from Lawang can be one of the anti-biofilm agent candidates for antifungal resistant cases. This study aimed to know the anti-biofilm effect of propolis ethanol extract on cell adhesion index, morphology, and viability of Candida albicans cell on biofilm formation. The adhesion index was counted on 100 epithelial cells under light microscopy (1000x). Morphology was seen using light microscopy (400x). Cell viability was examined by CFU assay. At 12.5% concentration of propolis ethanol extract, adhesion index decreased (p=0,000), and hyphal growth was inhibited. Colony growth decreased at 2.5% concentration and was not seen at 10% concentration of propolis ethanol extract (p=0,000). These results indicated that propolis ethanol extract could decrease adhesion index, failed the Candida albicans morphology transition from yeast to hyphal, and decreased Candida albicans cell viability on biofilm formation. Propolis ethanol extract is likely to be one of the alternatives to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis treatment, especially caused by Candida albicans biofilm formation.References
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Tyagi, S. P., Sinha, D. J., Garg, P., Singh, U. P., Mishra, C. C., & Nagpal, R. (2013). Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of propolis, Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica (Neem) and 5% sodium hypochlorite on Candida albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate: An in-vitro study. Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 16(6), 532.
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Zhang, H., Li, J., Zhang, J., Shi, H., Lin, X., & Sun, H. (2016). Purpurin inhibits the adhesion of Candida albicans biofilms. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, 9(6).
Anjum, S. I., Ullah, A., Khan, K. A., Attaullah, M., Khan, H., Ali, H., ... & Adgaba, N. (2019). Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(7), 1695-1703.
Capoci, I. R. G., Bonfim-Mendonça, P. D. S., Arita, G. S., Pereira, R. R. D. A., Consolaro, M. E. L., Bruschi, M. L., ... & Svidzinski, T. I. E. (2015). Propolis is an efficient fungicide and inhibitor of biofilm production by vaginal Candida albicans. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015.
Cavalheiro, M., and Teixeira, M.C., (2016). Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies. Front. Med, 5(28), 1-15.
Cheng, H., Qin, Z. H., Guo, X. F., Hu, X. S., & Wu, J. H. (2013). Geographical origin identification of propolis using GC–MS and electronic nose combined with principal component analysis. Food research international, 51(2), 813-822.
Chua, EG., Parolia, A., Ahlawat, P., Pau, A., Amalraj, D., (2014). Antifungal Effectiveness of Various Intracanal Medicaments Againts Candida albicans : an ex-vivo study. BMC Oral Health; 14(53), 1-8.
De Castro, P. A., Bom, V. L. P., Brown, N. A., de Almeida, R. S. C., Ramalho, L. N. Z., Savoldi, M., ... & Goldman, G. H. (2013). Identification of the cell targets important for propolis-induced cell death in Candida albicans. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 60, 74-86.
El-Din, A. Z. A. K., Al-Basri, H. M., & El-Naggar, M. Y. (2012). Critical factors affecting the adherence of Candida albicans to the vaginal epithelium. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 6(1), 10-18.
Gonçalves, B., Ferreira, C., Alves, C. T., Henriques, M., Azeredo, J., and Silva, S., (2016). Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 42(6), 905-927.
Hadi, Wiyono, Handoko, E., Noorhamdani, and Prawiro, S. R. (2019). Effect of Ethanolic Extract Propolis Trigona spp. Malang Indonesia on Isolate Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Architecture from Chronic Rhinosinusitis A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Study. Int J Pharm Sci & Res. 10(6), 2711-17.
Lagrouh, F., Dakka, N., & Bakri, Y. (2017). The antifungal activity of Moroccan plants and the mechanism of action of secondary metabolites from plants. Journal de mycologie medicale, 27(3), 303-311.
Li, Y., Shan, M., Yan, M., Yao, H., Wang, Y., et al., (2019). Anticandidal Activity of Kalopanaxsaponin A: Effect on Proliferation, Cell Morphology, and Key Virulence Attributes of Candida albicans. Front. Microbiol, 10 (2844), 1-9.
Majiene, D., Macioniene, I., Kursvietiene, L., Bernatoniene, J., Davalgiene, J., Lazauskas, R., & Savickas, A. (2010). The effect of propolis on microbial vitality and oxygen consumption. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(10), 954-958.
Mutiawati, V., (2016). Pemeriksaan Mikrobiologi Pada Candida albicans. Jurnal kedokteran syah kuala, 16 (1), 121-128.
Nagayama, K., Oguchi, T., Arita, M., & Honda, T. (1995). Purification and characterization of a cell-associated hemagglutinin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infection and immunity, 63(5), 1987-1992.
Nani, B. D., Sardi, J. D. C. O., Lazarini, J. G., Silva, D. R., Massariolli, A. P., Cunha, T. M., ... & Rosalen, P. L. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and anti-Candida effects of brazilian organic propolis, a promising source of bioactive molecules and functional food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(10), 2861-2871.
Okińczyc, P., Paluch, E., Franiczek, R., Widelski, J., Wojtanowski, K. K., Mroczek, T., ... & Sroka, Z. (2020). Antimicrobial activity of Apis mellifera L. and Trigona sp. propolis from Nepal and its phytochemical analysis. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 129, 110435.
Richardson, J. P., Ho, J., & Naglik, J. R. (2018). Candida–epithelial interactions. Journal of fungi, 4(1), 22.
Shehu, A., Ismail, S., Rohin, M. A. K., Harun, A., Aziz, A. A., & Haque, M. (2016). Antifungal properties of Malaysian Tualang honey and stingless bee propolis against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 6(2), 044-050.
Silva-Carvalho, R., Baltazar, F., & Almeida-Aguiar, C. (2015). Propolis: a complex natural product with a plethora of biological activities that can be explored for drug development. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015.
Tsang,P., Bandara,H., Fong,W., (2012). Purpurin Suppresses Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Hypal Development. PLOS One, 7(11), 866-874.
Tyagi, S. P., Sinha, D. J., Garg, P., Singh, U. P., Mishra, C. C., & Nagpal, R. (2013). Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of propolis, Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica (Neem) and 5% sodium hypochlorite on Candida albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate: An in-vitro study. Journal of conservative dentistry: JCD, 16(6), 532.
Valerio, F. K., Bonfim-Mendonça, P. S., Rosseto, H. C., Bruschi, M. L., Henriques, M., Negri, M., Svidzinski, T. I., (2016). Propolis: a potential natural product to fight Candida species infections. Future Microbiology, 11(8), 1035–1046.
Zhang, H., Li, J., Zhang, J., Shi, H., Lin, X., & Sun, H. (2016). Purpurin inhibits the adhesion of Candida albicans biofilms. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, 9(6).
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Published
2021-06-18
How to Cite
Maghfiroh, D. O., Dewi, A. S., Diniayuningrum, A., Rahardjo, B., Nurdiana, N., Endharti, A. T., & Sumarno, S. (2021). Effect of Propolis on the Adhesion Index, Morphology and Viability of Candida albicans Cells on Biofilm Formation. Medical Laboratory Technology Journal, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v7i1.322
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